Official name: Republic of Ghana.
Geographical location :
Coastal country in West Africa, lying along the Gulf of Guinea, bordered by Côte d’Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to the east.
(i.e. 34,427,414)
(Data Commons)
nominal, current US$
Note. Data Commons, also Ghana Statistical Service reports GDP per capita for 2024 at ~ USD 2,406
(Economic Report 2024–25)
Why we include Ghana as borderline or fragile case
Ghana is often viewed as one of Africa’s more stable democracies, yet it faces significant structural vulnerabilities that can threaten its resilience. The BTI 2024 report notes that although state identity is relatively accepted, ethnic tensions and institutional weaknesses remain latent risks.
Corruption and governance challenges are persistent: Ghana scored 43/100 on the Corruption Perceptions Index, ranking around 70th / 180 in recent years — indicating serious public sector integrity problems and systemic opacity.
Economic fragility is exacerbated by overreliance on few export commodities (gold, cocoa, oil), vulnerability to illegal mining (“galamsey”, with tax losses and environmental damage), and episodes of macroeconomic stress including high inflation, currency depreciation and sovereign debt stress.
